Truss bridges represent a cornerstone in the history of civil engineering, offering efficient and reliable solutions for spanning gaps and overcoming obstacles. These bridges, characterized by their distinctive network of interconnected elements forming triangular units, have been employed across di

Truss bridges are among the most efficient and widely used structures in civil engineering, known for their ability to span long distances while supporting heavy loads. The strength of a truss bridge is determined by its design, materials, and construction techniques. Among the various designs, the