Introduction Truss bridges have long stood as icons of engineering ingenuity, combining strength, economy, and elegance. Their distinctive triangular frameworks are more than just visually striking—they are the key to distributing forces efficiently and ensuring stability over vast spans. But am

Truss bridges excel at distributing loads through triangular configurations, but their efficiency under concentrated center loads depends on design specifics. Experimental studies and engineering analyses reveal that Howe truss bridges generally outperform Pratt, Warren, and K truss designs whe