Truss bridges have been a cornerstone of civil engineering for centuries, renowned for their strength, efficiency, and versatility. These structures consist of interconnected triangular units that distribute loads effectively, making them suitable for various applications, from pedestrian walkways

Truss bridges are renowned for their structural efficiency and load-bearing capabilities, making them a popular choice in civil engineering. When it comes to bottom-loading scenarios, where loads are applied directly to the bottom chord of the bridge, the design of the truss becomes crucial for ens