Introduction The Pratt truss bridge stands as one of the most iconic and enduring designs in civil engineering. Since its invention in 1844 by Thomas and Caleb Pratt, this truss system has been widely adopted for railways, highways, and pedestrian crossings. Its distinctive triangular framework,

The Howe truss bridge stands as a testament to 19th-century engineering ingenuity, blending the practical use of materials with a distinctive structural form. Since its invention by William Howe in 1840, this design has been widely adopted for railways, highways, and even pedestrian crossings, espe