Introduction Truss bridges have played a pivotal role in the evolution of civil engineering and transportation infrastructure. Their distinctive frameworks, composed of interconnected triangles, offer a blend of strength, efficiency, and material economy that few other bridge types can match. Bu

Truss bridges have been a cornerstone of civil engineering for centuries, offering a unique combination of strength, efficiency, and aesthetic appeal. These bridges are composed of interconnected triangular units that distribute loads effectively, making them suitable for various applications, from