Introduction Bridges have always been essential to human progress, connecting people, places, and economies. Among the various types of bridges, the truss bridge stands out for its ingenious use of geometry and materials to span great distances with remarkable strength and efficiency. Within the

The Warren truss with verticals is a variant of the traditional Warren truss design, which has been a cornerstone of civil engineering for decades. This design incorporates additional vertical members within the equilateral triangles of the Warren truss framework, enhancing its structural stabilit